J. Sundnes, M. S. Alnæs, and Kent-A. Mardal (2007)
A finite element model of cardiac electrophysiology and mechanics
VII International conference on computational plasticity
Background
Computer models of heart function has the potential to become a valuable tool both
for medical research and clinical practice. Simulations based on
accurate biophysical models increase our understanding of heart physiology and
pathology, and may also predict the outcome of therapeutic interventions and
drugs. This has been an active research area for decades, but the models, and
in particular their application in clinical practice, are still in an early development stage.
Unresolved challenges in the field include the extreme complexity of the biological
processes involved, and the multiscale nature of the problem, covering processes
from molecular level to the complete organ system.
Models and methods
Passive heart tissue is commonly modeled as a hyperelastic material, which undergoes
large deformations during normal heart function. We apply an exponential stress-strain
relation, resulting in a strongly non-linear elasticity equation describing the
deformations of the muscle. In order to model the actively contracting muscle,
the elasticity equation is coupled to systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs)
which describes the electrical activation and active force development in
the muscle cells. These systems
are in turn coupled to a system of partial differential equations (PDEs)
known as the bidomain model, which describes propagation of the electrical
signal through the heart muscle.
We apply operator splitting to divide the complete model into two separate PDE
systems, describing electrophysiology and mechanics on tissue level, and
one system of ODEs that describes electro-mechanical coupling on cell level.
These individual systems are then discretized in time with implicit schemes of first or
second order, and in space with the finite element method.
Simple no-flux boundary conditions are applied for the electrophysiology problem,
but the mechanics problem is subject to fairly complex dynamic boundary conditions
resulting from the interaction with the blood flow. To avoid solving a fluid-structure
interaction problem involving the full Navier-Stokes equation for blood flow, we
employ a lumped parameter model to describe the circulation. This model is a system
of ODEs that describes pressures, volumes and flows through a simplified, closed
loop vessel system. When this model is coupled to the finite element model for the
heart muscle the result is an index one differential-algebraic (DAE) system, where the
algebraic part contains the finite element based electro-mechanics model.
We propose to solve the DAE system with a Runge-Kutta method of
Radau type, where the time step is automatically adjusted to the different phases
of the heart cycle.
Results
Combining the Radau solver with operator splitting and finite element discretization
results in a fairly robust method, which is flexible with respect to changing or replacing
individual parts of the model. Initial test results confirm the robustness and
convergence of the algorithm, and verifies that the mechanics part of the problem can
be solved with good accuracy. The elecrophysiology part, which contains very
steep gradients, has still not been solved with the desired accuracy.
